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Executive Summary
America’s reliance on fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural
gas—for energy creates a host of problems, including air and water pollution,
global warming pollution, high and unpredictable bills for consumers and
businesses, and the need to import oil from unstable parts of the world. Moving
to clean energy—such as solar and wind power, more efficient homes, and plug-in
cars—will cut pollution, help rebuild our economy, and reduce America’s
dependence on oil.
For decades, America’s use of fossil fuels—and the global
warming pollution that results—has been on the rise nationally and in states
across the country. But this trend is starting to change in some states—in part
because of the move to clean energy. Following the lead of those states will
start to put the United States on a path to lower global warming emissions and
help drive the creation of a clean energy economy.
This report analyzes the most recent data available from
the federal Department of Energy to calculate emissions of carbon dioxide from
the use of oil, coal and natural gas at the national and state level from 1990
to 2007. Our analysis finds that:
* Emissions of carbon
dioxide, the leading global warming pollutant, from fossil fuel consumption
increased by 19 percent in the United States from 1990 to 2007. Nationally, the
rate of emissions growth has slowed in recent years, and emissions peaked in
many states in 2004 and 2005.
* Seventeen states
saw declines in carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use between 2004 and
2007.
Those emission reductions—while far short of what will be
needed to address the threat of global warming—could be a sign of a new trend,
particularly if the United States adopts strong policies to move the nation
toward a clean energy future.
States that are highly reliant on coal-fired power
plants, have energy-intensive industries, and/or have high levels of pollution
from cars and trucks tend to produce the most carbon dioxide pollution from
fossil fuel use.
* Texas remained the
nation’s number one emitter of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel use in 2007,
followed by California, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Florida. (See Table ES-1.)
* Wyoming produced
the most carbon dioxide pollution per capita, followed by North Dakota, West
Virginia, Alaska and Louisiana. Rhode Island produced the least carbon dioxide
per capita in 2007, followed by New York, Vermont, Idaho and California.
* Electricity
generation and transportation are by far the largest sources of carbon dioxide
emissions in the United States, responsible for 40 percent and 33 percent of
fossil fuel-related emissions, respectively, in 2007. Power plants and
transportation were also the fastest-growing sources of emissions between 1990
and 2007.
Nationally, the rate of growth in carbon dioxide
pollution has slowed but emissions still remain above the levels of two decades
ago and well above the levels needed to prevent the worst impacts of global
warming.
* Between 2000 and
2007, emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel consumption increased at
one-fifth the rate they did during the 1990s.
* Carbon dioxide
emissions are estimated to have declined by 2.8 percent in 2008 (to their
lowest level since 2001) and are projected to fall still farther in 2009, due
to high oil prices in 2008, the recession, and the declining carbon intensity
of the economy.
* However, these
emission reductions are far from the roughly 35 percent cut in global warming
emissions the United States must make by 2020 in order to do our share to avert
the worst impacts of global warming.
Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use are
declining in a growing number of states as they invest in the clean, renewable
technologies that are part of a new energy future. Emissions remain on the rise
in other states that have not eased their reliance on dirty fuels.
* Four Northeastern
states—Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts and New York—emitted less carbon
dioxide from fossil fuel consumption in 2007 than they did in 1990. Since 1997,
gross state product in these four states increased by 65 percent while carbon
dioxide emissions decreased by 5 percent.
* Seventeen states
and the District of Columbia have seen total emissions decline since 2004, a
year of peak emissions for many states. Maine saw the largest percentage
decline over this period, while New York and Texas—the nation’s eighth-highest
and highest emitters of carbon dioxide, respectively—saw the greatest absolute
declines.
* Still, emissions in
33 states increased between 2004 and 2007. Emissions in Oklahoma saw the
greatest percentage increase, followed by Montana and Hawaii. Oklahoma and
Georgia experienced the greatest increase in absolute terms.
The experiences of states that have reduced carbon
dioxide emissions, or have low per capita emissions, have lessons for how the
nation can reshape its energy system and reduce emissions in the future.
* Many northeastern
states have reduced carbon dioxide emissions from electric power plants by
switching from polluting (and expensive) oil to cleaner natural gas. Texas,
meanwhile, has led the nation in wind energy installations, helping to
stabilize emissions from its power sector. These states show that switching
from highly polluting fuels such as coal and oil to cleaner sources of power,
including renewable energy, can lead to rapid and substantial reductions in
emissions.
* Washington and
Oregon are the only two states in which the number of vehicle-miles traveled on
highways per capita declined between 1990 and 2007—leading to significant
reductions in per capita emissions from gasoline use in both states. Both
states are noted for their leadership in promoting “smart growth” and both have
experienced strong increases in transit ridership, suggesting that states that
provide transportation alternatives to reduce reliance on fossil fuels can
reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
* States that have
made investments in improving the energy efficiency of their economies tend to
produce fewer carbon dioxide emissions, suggesting that energy efficiency can
be a critical tool in efforts to address global warming at the same time it
creates jobs locally.
Creating a new energy future and achieving the carbon
dioxide emission reductions necessary to avoid the worst impacts of global
warming will require strong action at the federal and state levels, including:
Science-based limits on global warming pollution from the
American economy, with the goal of reducing U.S. emissions by 35 percent below
2005 levels by 2020 and at least 80 percent below 2005 levels by 2050.
Renewable
electricity standards that would ensure that the United States receives at
least 25 percent of its electricity from clean, renewable sources of energy by
2025—reducing the need for continued dependence on high-polluting fossil fuels.
Policies to
improve the energy efficiency of our homes, businesses and factories, including
strong building codes and appliance efficiency standards, as well as funding
for efforts to retrofit existing buildings to achieve greater energy
efficiency.
Greater
investment in transportation alternatives, including high-speed rail and modern
public transportation, as well as efforts to reduce the carbon intensity of
transportation fuels and improve the fuel economy of vehicles.
These and other measures to cut carbon dioxide emissions
are essential to limiting the effects of global warming and will help shift the
U.S. economy away from its reliance on dirty and expensive fossil fuels and
toward a clean energy economy.
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